Diagnosing Heart Disease
Various tests are used to diagnose heart disease. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会从你的个人和家族病史开始, recording current and past symptoms, 正在做化验和心电图. 根据评估和检查的结果,你的十大赌博平台排行榜可能会要求你做进一步的检查.
Some of these tests are non-invasive, which means no instruments are inserted into the body. 其他测试是侵入性的,需要将仪器插入体内.
Laboratory tests
Laboratory tests include blood tests to determine your risk of heart disease as well as to evaluate other systems of your body that can affect your cardiovascular health.
Blood is drawn from a vein in your arm. 有些测试需要禁食12小时,但大多数测试没有任何饮食限制.
Blood tests for heart disease
- Lipid profile
The lipid profile includes: - Total cholesterol
- LDL(低密度脂蛋白),即所谓的“坏”胆固醇
- HDL(高密度脂蛋白),即所谓的“好”胆固醇
- Triglycerides
- Lipoprotein (a), or Lp (a)
脂蛋白(a)是一种特殊的含脂蛋白. Your genes, not diet or exercise, play the main role in determining your level of Lp (a). - C-reactive protein (CRP)
Your liver produces C-reactive protein (CRP) as part of your body's response to injury or infection. 炎症在动脉粥样硬化的过程中起着核心作用, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. CRP test results combined with other blood test results and risk factors for heart disease help create an overall picture of your heart health. - Homocysteine
你的身体使用同型半胱氨酸来制造蛋白质,并建立和维持组织. 然而,过多的同型半胱氨酸可能会增加患心脏病和中风的风险. Homocysteine is usually ordered for people who have a high risk for developing heart disease or have a known history of heart disease. It is also used for people with a family history of heart disease but no other known risk factors.
Blood tests for other body systems
- Complete blood count (CBC)
CBC is a series of tests that measures your red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. - Sodium and potassium levels
Sodium and potassium levels are measured to detect a problem with electrolytes in the body fluids. - Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
测定血尿素氮和肌酐以检查肾功能. - Fasting glucose
空腹血糖用于诊断糖尿病或糖尿病前期. - ALT and AST
ALT和AST用于检测肝脏炎症或损伤. - TSH
TSH is measured to check thyroid function.
Non-invasive tests
Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) 是对心脏电活动的图形测量吗. There are specific patterns on the EKG that your doctor looks for to determine whether there are abnormalities such as atrial fibrillation (an abnormal rhythm), or new or old heart attack.
During the test, you will lie on an exam table while an electrocardiograph machine records the information. You will be attached to the electrocardiograph by stickers on your chest that are connected to wires leading to the machine. The test takes less than five minutes.
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram ("echo") is an ultrasound of the heart. A small probe like a microphone, called a transducer, is placed on the chest in various places. 换能器发出的超声波在心脏的各个部位反弹. A computer in the machine determines the time it takes for the sound wave to return to the transducer and generates a picture with the data.
During the test, you will lie on your back or left side on a stretcher for about 45 minutes while the pictures are being recorded. The echocardiographer will review the pictures before sending you home to be sure all the necessary information has been obtained.
Stress EKG or echocardiogram
Stress tests 来观察心脏在生理压力下的表现. 在跑步机上锻炼或在少数情况下骑自行车会对心脏造成压力. 如果一个人不能在跑步机或自行车上锻炼, 药物可以使心率加快, 模拟心脏对运动的正常反应.
During the stress test, you will wear EKG leads and wires while exercising so that the electrical signals of your heart can be recorded at the same time. 在整个测试过程中都会监测你的血压. 如上所述,压力测试可与超声心动图一起进行.
Nuclear stress test
Nuclear stress tests have two components to them: a treadmill (or chemical) stress test and scanning of the heart after injection of a radionuclide material. This material has been used safely for many years to determine the amount of blood the heart muscle is receiving during rest and stress. The scanning is done with a nuclear camera.
Carotid ultrasound
Carotid ultrasound is done to evaluate your risk of stroke. 超声医师将换能器轻轻地按在你的脖子两侧, 它把你的动脉图像发送到电脑屏幕上供技术人员查看. The technician monitors your blood flow through the carotid arteries on both sides of your neck to check for stenosis.
During the exam, you lie on your back on an examination table and a small amount of warm gel is applied to your skin. The test usually takes about 15 to 30 minutes.
Abdominal ultrasound
Your doctor may also want you to have an abdominal ultrasound 筛查潜在的腹主动脉瘤. 超声医师将换能器压在你腹部的皮肤上, moving from one area to another. 传感器将图像发送到技术人员监控的计算机屏幕上. The technician monitors blood flow through your abdominal aorta to check for an aneurysm.
During the exam, you lie on your back on an examination table and a small amount of warm gel is applied to your abdomen. 测试通常需要20分钟到一个小时.
Holter monitor
A Holter monitor 是一个小的,便携的,可以戴24到48小时的机器吗. 它可以在你进行日常活动时连续记录你的心电图. 你将被要求记录你的活动和症状. This monitor can detect arrhythmias that might not show up on a resting EKG that only records for a few seconds.
Event recorder
An event recorder (loop recorder) is a small, 可穿戴数周的便携式跨电话监测器. 这种记录仪适用于症状不频繁的病人.
The monitor 'loops' a two- to five-minute recording into its memory which is continually overwritten. 遇到症状时,按下监视器上的“记录”按钮, which stores a correlating strip of EKG. The recordings are telephoned through to a 24-hour monitoring station and faxed directly to your doctor.
Invasive tests
Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography
Cardiac catheterization 是一种可以帮助诊断心脏病的常见程序吗. In some cases, catheterization is also used to treat heart disease by opening blocked arteries with balloon angioplasty and stent placement.
Cardiac catheterization can show:
- If the blood vessels in your heart have narrowed.
- 如果你的心脏跳动正常,血液流动正常.
- 如果你的心脏瓣膜功能正常.
- If you were born with any heart abnormalities.
- 如果心肺压力正常. 如果没有,导尿可以帮助评估问题.
During catheterization, the cardiologist inserts a long, 柔性管称为导管插入血管, 要么穿过手腕动脉要么穿过腹股沟动脉, 并在x光引导下轻轻地将其引导到你的心脏. Once the catheter is in place, X-rays and other tests are done to help your doctor evaluate whether your coronary arteries are blocked and how well your heart is working.
At times, it might also be necessary to insert a small catheter into a vein to allow measurement of specific pressures in the heart and lung. 这个过程可以通过颈部静脉、手臂静脉或腹股沟静脉进行.
Electrophysiology study
An electrophysiology study (EP) 是心脏电活动的记录吗. This test helps your doctor determine the cause of your rhythm disturbance (arrhythmia) and the best treatment. During the test, the doctor may safely reproduce the arrhythmia, 然后给一些药物,看看哪一种控制效果最好.
An EP study is performed in the Electrophysiology Laboratory, where you will lie on an X-ray table. As with a cardiac catheterization, the doctor inserts a long, 柔性管-电极导管-进入血管, usually in the groin.
There are stages in an EP study:
- 记录心脏电信号来评估电功能.
- Pacing the heart to bring on certain abnormal rhythms for observation under controlled conditions.
- In some cases, an ablation procedure is performed at the same time to destroy abnormal tissue which may be causing the arrhythmia.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. 我们鼓励您与您的供应商讨论您可能遇到的任何问题或疑虑.